Water loss separators used with lead acid batteries, systems for improved water loss performance, and methods of manufacture and use thereof

ABSTRACT

In at least select embodiments, the instant disclosure is directed to new or improved battery separators, components, materials, additives, surfactants, lead acid batteries, systems, vehicles, and/or related methods of production and/or use. In at least certain embodiments, the instant disclosure is directed to surfactants or other additives for use with a battery separator for use in a lead acid battery, to battery separators with a surfactant or other additive, and/or to batteries including such separators. In at least certain select embodiments, the instant disclosure relates to new or improved lead acid battery separators and/or systems including improved water loss technology and/or methods of manufacture and/or use thereof. In at least select embodiments, the instant disclosure is directed toward a new or improved lead acid battery separator or system with one or more surfactants and/or additives, and/or methods for constructing lead acid battery separators and batteries with such surfactants and/or additives for improving and/or reducing water loss from the battery.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This Divisional Application claims priority to U.S. Divisionalapplication Ser. No. 16/878,655, May 20, 2020, which claims priority toU.S. Divisional application Ser. No. 15/959,376, filed Apr. 23, 2018,now U.S. Pat. No. 10,673,099, issued on Jun. 2, 2020, which claimspriority to U.S. application Ser. No. 15/054,504 filed Feb. 26, 2016,now U.S. Pat. No. 9,979,054, issued on May 22, 2018, which claimedpriority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/121,120, filed Feb. 26,2015, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

In at least select embodiments, the instant disclosure or invention isdirected to new or improved battery separators, components, materials,lead acid batteries, systems, and/or related methods of productionand/or use. In at least certain embodiments, the instant disclosure orinvention is directed to surfactants or other additives for use with abattery separator for use in a lead acid battery, to battery separatorswith a surfactant or other additive, and/or to batteries including suchseparators, and/or to products, devices or vehicles including suchbatteries. In at least certain select embodiments, the instantdisclosure relates to new or improved lead acid battery separatorsand/or batteries and/or systems and/or vehicles including improved waterloss technology and/or methods of manufacture and/or use thereof. In atleast select embodiments, the instant disclosure is directed toward anew or improved lead acid battery separator or system with one or moresurfactants and/or additives, and/or methods for constructing lead acidbattery separators and batteries with such surfactants and/or additivesfor improving and/or reducing water loss from the battery.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Lead acid batteries have evolved, over time, as the demands for a sourceof mobile electric power have grown. There are two main types of leadacid batteries: flooded lead acid batteries and VRLA (valve regulatedlead acid) batteries. The instant disclosure may be particularly usefulfor flooded batteries, which are commonly used all over the world. Anewer type of flooded lead acid battery is an EFB battery, or anenhanced flooded battery. For example, the new, ever growingrequirements for Stop Start car technology demands a better batterywhich may be the “enhanced” flooded battery, or EFB.

Water loss in lead acid batteries is a known problem (loss of water fromthe electrolyte due to electrolysis producing hydrogen and oxygen gasthat vents from the battery) and may occur for many different reasons.For example, water loss may occur in lead acid batteries as theovervoltage of hydrogen is exceeded at the electrodes. This may betypical and may occur to some extent as the electrochemical mechanismdictates. The effects of water loss may be greatly amplified in climateswith sustained high temperature. Water loss has been identified as amajor contributor to the following critical failure modes in lead acidbatteries: plate dehydration, which may lead to battery failure; dryoutin a sealed VRLA battery, which may lead to potential thermal runaway;negative plate sulfation, which may lead to reduced charge acceptanceand/or reduced cycle life; and/or increased specific gravity ofelectrolyte, which may lead to negative plate sulfation and/or positivegrid corrosion.

Water loss in a lead acid battery can be seen through: reduced level ofelectrolyte leading to dryout, exposing welds, plates and connections tocorrosion and causing early failure; increasing electrolyte acidconcentration, reduced capacity, negative plate sulfation, positive gridcorrosion leading to early failure; and/or outgassing of H₂ and O₂gasses, possibly creating an exposure and handling hazard and requiringventing. As such, reducing water loss in lead acid batteries may helpeliminate: plate dehydration leading to early capacity loss andshortened life; negative plate sulfation, reducing life; and/or positivegrid corrosion, reducing performance by robbing CCA (cold crankingamperage) and capacity and life. Water loss from lead acid batteries maybe mainly due to electrolysis and subsequent gassing of hydrogen andoxygen, which may be more apparent in high temperature climates orapplications.

EFBs may suffer from any of these water loss scenarios, includingevaporation and electrolysis of water. Water loss, whether throughevaporation and/or electrolysis, is commonly known to lower theperformance and/or life of the EFB. As such, many methods have beendeveloped to combat this drawback, including VRLA/AGM type batteries.However, even in a sealed VRLA/AGM battery, for example, the potentialfor dryout is present, and a potential thermal runaway could occurbecause of water loss. Thus, it can be said that various known and/oralready-developed methods of combatting water loss in lead acidbatteries may not provide all of the desired improvement in reduction inwater loss and may require high costs that may not match the valuebrought forth by various developed methods.

As such, there is clearly a need to develop lead acid batteries andsystems and vehicles including such lead acid batteries with improvedwater loss performance, and/or the ability to reduce evaporation and/orelectrolysis of water in a flooded lead acid battery that is costeffective.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The battery separator of a flooded lead acid battery is a component thatdivides or “separates” the positive electrode from the negativeelectrode within a lead acid battery cell. A battery separator may havetwo primary functions. First, a battery separator should keep thepositive electrode physically apart from the negative electrode in orderto prevent any electronic current passing between the two electrodes.Second, a battery separator should permit an ionic current between thepositive and negative electrodes with the least possible resistance. Abattery separator can be made out of many different materials, but thesetwo opposing functions have been met well by a battery separator beingmade of a porous nonconductor (such as porous or microporouspolyolefin).

Various battery separators have been developed over time to try andcombat water loss in a flooded lead acid battery. By way of exampleonly, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,703,161 and 6,689,509 (both of which areincorporated by reference herein in their entireties) mention combattingwater loss by using a battery separator of a larger pore size.Additionally, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2014/0255752, which isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety, describes using adiffusive mat to protect against water loss in a battery, while otherways to approach water loss reduction in batteries are described in U.S.Patent Publication Nos. 2012/0070747 and 2012/0070713 (both of which areincorporated by reference herein in their entireties).

Other battery separators have been developed to help improve theperformance and/or life of the battery. One such disclosure includes theseparators that contain one or more additives as disclosed in U.S.Patent Publication No. 2012/0094183, which is incorporated by referenceherein in its entirety. The separators with the additives (additivessuch as alkoxylated alcohol additives) described by that patentpublication help to reduce water loss in a flooded lead acid battery.And further reduction in water loss in a flooded lead acid battery iseven more desirable. Hence the present disclosure seeks to furtherimprove the water loss reduction for a flooded lead acid battery and inat least certain embodiments reduces water loss while maintaining otherseparator and/or battery properties.

The instant disclosure is designed to address at least certain aspectsof the problems or needs discussed above by providing new and/orimproved additives for use with battery separators for use in floodedlead acid batteries, such that the resulting lead acid batteries orsystems exhibit improved water loss, or reduced water loss, comparedwith known lead acid batteries or systems.

In accordance with at least selected embodiments, the instant inventionaddresses the above mentioned needs, issues and/or problems and providesnew or improved battery separators for lead acid batteries. In general,the instant disclosure provides new or improved lead acid batteryseparators and/or methods of manufacture and/or use thereof. In at leastselect embodiments, the instant disclosure provides one or moreadditives or surfactants for a battery separator and/or for a lead acidbattery system, as well as methods for constructing lead acid batteryseparators and/or battery systems including such additives orsurfactants for improving and/or reducing water loss for a lead acidbattery. In one embodiment, a method of improving and/or reducing waterloss of a lead acid battery may include providing a separator as well asan additive or surfactant where the additive or surfactant may improveand/or reduce water loss for the system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 includes a graph showing the reduction in water loss forbatteries or systems incorporating one or more water loss agents oradditives according to various embodiments, aspects or objects of theinvention described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In at least select embodiments, the instant disclosure is directed tonew or improved battery separators, components, materials, additives,lead acid batteries, systems, vehicles, and/or related methods ofproduction and/or use. In at least certain embodiments, the instantdisclosure is directed to surfactants or other additives for use with abattery separator for use in a lead acid battery, to battery separatorswith a surfactant or other additive, and/or to batteries including suchseparators. In at least certain select embodiments, the instantdisclosure relates to new or improved lead acid battery separatorsand/or systems including improved water loss technology and/or methodsof manufacture and/or use thereof. In at least select embodiments, theinstant disclosure is directed toward a new or improved lead acidbattery separator or system with one or more surfactants and/oradditives, and/or methods for constructing lead acid battery separatorsand batteries with such surfactants and/or additives for improvingand/or reducing water loss from the battery.

The present disclosure provides a surfactant or additive to be used inconjunction with a lead acid battery separator, the modified separator,and a lead acid battery or battery system or vehicle having such aseparator with a surfactant or an additive. The surfactant may be forreducing water loss (typically water vapor) from the lead acid battery.As such, the instant disclosure provides a lead acid battery withreduced or improved water loss.

Surfactants, as used herein, may refer to compounds that lower thesurface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids or betweena liquid and a solid. As such, the instant surfactants may act asdetergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, anti-foamingagents, dispersants, in particular, water loss agents, the like, and/orcombinations thereof. The various surfactants of the instant disclosuremay be various surfactants that can reduce and/or improve the water lossof the lead acid battery. The various surfactants may reduce and/orimprove the water loss of the lead acid battery by various means. Asexamples, and clearly not limited thereto, the various surfactants oradditives described herein may reduce the float current, and/or mayreduce the level of gas evolution on charge, which may result in loss ofwater from H₂ gas escape from the electrolyte. As such, the varioussurfactants or additives used herein may be designed to tailor thefunctionality to provide a desired balance of wetting, electricalresistance, ion transfer, overvoltage protection, the like, and/orcombinations thereof.

In select embodiments, the various surfactants or additives used hereinmay improve separator life within the environment of the lead acidbattery.

In select embodiments, the various surfactants or additives used hereinmay be stable under conditions required to manufacture a UHMWPE(ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene) battery separator.

In select embodiments, the various surfactants or additives used hereinmay exhibit some solubility characteristics in the process oil. Inaddition, the various surfactants or additives described herein may besoluble in water and/or the electrolyte and may be coated or sprayapplied to the separator surface.

In select embodiments, the various surfactants or additives used hereinmay be added any time within the separator manufacturing process. Assuch, the various surfactants or additives described herein may beapplied within the battery or other components as a supplement to theseparator or in place thereof. As examples, and clearly not limitedthereto, the various surfactants and additives described herein may beprovided with the electrolyte as a pre-mix or added as a stand-alone tothe cell, the surfactant or additive may be coated on the separator witha water based application after removal of processing oil to achieve thedesired concentration, the surfactant or additive may be mixed with theresin/oil/silica and/or the oil and/or solvent and infused into theseparator during normal manufacturing steps, the surfactant or additivemay be mixed with processing oil and remain in the separator at thedesired level through the end of the process, the surfactant or additivemay be used as a replacement for the normal residual oil left within aseparator, the like, and/or combinations thereof. The varioussurfactants or additives used herein may be provided in various amountsin or on the separator to achieve the desired reduction or improvementin water loss. In select embodiments, the surfactant or additive may bebetween 0.5 to 60% of the processing oil and PE, silica. In other selectembodiments, the surfactant or additive may be between 0.5 to 40%, insome embodiments, 1 to 20%, in other embodiments, 2 to 6% of theprocessing oil and PE, silica. In other embodiments, the surfactant maybe approximately 5% of the processing oil and PE, silica.

In select embodiments, the surfactants or additives described herein maybe included with, or in place of, another additive to the separator.Such other additive could include, by way of example only, analkoxylated alcohol additive, such as those disclosed in U.S. PatentPublication No. 2012/0094183 (already incorporated by reference herein).

Also, in various embodiments, the battery separator may be based onthermoplastic, such as a polyolefin or an ultra-high molecular weightpolyolefin, such as one (such as polyethylene) with an average molecularweight of at least 800,000, in some embodiments, 800,000 to more than7,000,000 and so forth.

In select embodiments, the various surfactants and/or additives usedherein may be further optimized to improve and/or reduce water loss. Forexample, various concentrations and formulae can be optimized, andadditional additives could be added to the overall lead acid batterysystem, such as, by way of example only, zinc, zinc sulfate, bismuth,silver, selenium, cadmium, the like, and/or combinations thereof, foroptimizing the water loss performance.

Surfactants may often be characterized by their hydrophilic/lipophilicbalance or HLB. High HLB values indicate good water, or polar solventsolubility, of the surfactant while low HLB values are indicative ofgood solubility in nonpolar systems, such as oil.

The water loving, or hydrophilic character, of a surfactant isdetermined by the polarity of the head group. Increasing the length ofthe fatty tail or of the head group may decrease the HLB.

In various embodiments of the present invention, the amount of waterloss in the system is reduced by selecting a surfactant and/or anadditive, possibly in combination with other water loss technologies,while optimizing the HLB number of the surfactant, emulsifier, additiveor other chemical system.

In select embodiments, the surfactant or additive may be a low or verylow HLB surfactant or additive. For example, the HLB value may be lessthan 5, in some embodiments, less than 4, in some embodiments, less than3, in some embodiments, less than 2.5, in some embodiments less than 2,in some embodiments, less than 1.5, and in some embodiments, about 1,and so forth. In select embodiments, the low HLB surfactant may becreated from a hydrocarbon with functional groups. It has surprisinglybeen found as part of the present invention that although various typesof surfactants and additives may have a low or very low HLB value (byway of example only, less than 2.5 or even about 1), not all surfactantsor additives are appropriate for use with a battery separator for a leadacid battery, and, importantly, not all surfactants and additives havinga low HLB value lead to a battery separator that creates reduced waterloss for a lead acid battery. Thus, in the course of the presentinvention, systems are created that use surfactants or additives thatsurprisingly and unexpectedly lead to improvement, and in many cases,significant improvement in water loss (reduction of water loss) whenused in conjunction with a battery separator for a lead acid battery.

In select embodiments, the surfactant or additive may be a low foamsurfactant. Additionally, in select embodiments, the surfactant oradditive may be chosen to have a low TOC (total organic carbon or totaloxidizable compounds).

In select embodiments, the surfactant may have linear hydrophobic groupsand ethylene oxide and propylene oxide monomers.

In select embodiments, the surfactant may be a nonionic surfactant. Thenonionic surfactant may be a nonionic surfactant for reducing and/orimproving water loss, including, but not limited to: a methallyl-cappednonionic surfactant, the like, and/or combinations thereof. By way ofexample only, the use of a methallyl-capped nonionic surfactant mayprovide a lead acid battery system with surprisingly or unexpectedlyhigh water loss results using a battery separator treated with such asurfactant when compared with other known lead acid battery systems. Inother embodiments, the surfactant may be a liquid surfactant and maycontain ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) block copolymers,and may, for example, have a low or very low HLB value of about 1. Sucha surfactant or additive may provide a lead acid battery system withsurprisingly or unexpectedly high water loss results using a batteryseparator treated with such a surfactant when compared with other knownbattery systems.

A lead acid battery may be provided, made or manufactured according tothe instant disclosure with any of the various embodiments of thevarious surfactants and/or additives as shown and/or described herein.The lead acid battery, like a flooded lead acid battery, or an EFB, maybe improved with any of the various embodiments of the surfactantsand/or additives as shown and/or described herein. The improvements ofthe lead acid battery with any of the various embodiments of thesurfactant as shown and/or described herein may include, but are notlimited to, having reduced and/or improved water loss.

The instant disclosure also provides a method of reducing water loss ofa lead acid battery. The method may include providing one or moresurfactants or additives according to any of the various embodimentsshown and/or described herein. In select embodiments, the method ofreducing water loss of a lead acid battery may include reducing waterand/or vapor loss from an energy storage device. In select embodimentsof the instant method of reducing water loss of a lead acid battery, thesurfactant or additive may be provided in or on the battery separator.In select embodiments of the instant method of reducing water loss of alead acid battery, the surfactant or additive may be provided in or withanother additive for improving water loss or reducing water loss in alead acid battery, where such other additive could include zinc, zincsulfate, bismuth, silver, tin, selenium, cadmium, germanium, the like,and/or combinations thereof, for optimizing the water loss performance.Such other additive may be added to the electrolyte in the batterysystem. Additionally, such other additive may be added to a coatingsolution containing the surfactant or additive according to the presentinvention, to be coated onto a battery separator for a lead acidbattery. In various embodiments, a coating of the present invention maybe roller coated onto a separator, immersion coated onto a separator,spray coated onto a separator, or applied in some other fashion.

In various embodiments of the present invention, the addition of a waterloss additive or surfactant may unexpectedly yield a reduction in waterloss of more than 10%, in some embodiments, more than 25%, in someembodiments, more than 40%, and in some select embodiments more than 50%compared with known lead acid battery systems. Additionally, the systemsof the present invention are optimized such that there is little or noimpact on the electrical resistance of the system. The systems describedherein are designed to extend the life cycle of a battery as well asreserve capacity and help with optimizing CCA.

Examples

In various lab tests, laboratory flooded lead acid batteries wereassembled, and water loss testing was performed to determine thebenefits of various embodiments according to the present invention. Acomparative separator was used as a control, and that separator was asynthetic fiber-based flooded lead acid battery separator. FIG. 1 is abar graph of water weight loss in grams over an 84 day period forvarious example surfactants and/or additives according to the instantdisclosure (see the top two bars with separators bearing additive H, asurfactant comprising ethylene oxide and propylene oxide blockcopolymers, and additive C, a low foam methallyl-capped nonionicsurfactant). The results show that various embodiments of thesurfactants and/or additives are useful in improving and/or reducingwater loss.

The instant disclosure provides new or improved surfactants and/oradditives for separators to be used in conjunction with a lead acidbattery, lead acid batteries with improved battery separators, lead acidbattery systems with improved water loss technology, and/or methods ofmanufacture and/or use thereof. In at least select embodiments, theinstant disclosure provides new or improved surfactants and/or additivesfor use in or on a battery separator for a lead acid battery. In atleast select embodiments, the instant disclosure provides new orimproved separators with methods of manufacture and/or use thereof. Inat least select embodiments, the instant disclosure provides a new orimproved lead acid battery with a separator that reduces the water lossfrom the battery. In at least select embodiments, a method of reducingthe water loss of a lead acid battery may include providing an improvedseparator to the lead acid battery.

In at least select embodiments, the instant disclosure or invention isdirected to new or improved battery separators, components, materials,additives, surfactants, lead acid batteries, systems, and/or relatedmethods of production and/or use. In at least certain embodiments, theinstant disclosure or invention is directed to surfactants or otheradditives for use with a battery separator for use in a lead acidbattery, to battery separators with a surfactant or other additive,and/or to batteries including such separators, and/or to products,devices or vehicles including such batteries. In at least certain selectembodiments, the instant disclosure relates to new or improved lead acidbattery separators and/or batteries and/or systems and/or vehiclesincluding improved water loss technology and/or methods of manufactureand/or use thereof. In at least select embodiments, the instantdisclosure is directed toward a new or improved lead acid batteryseparator or system with one or more surfactants and/or additives,and/or methods for constructing lead acid battery separators andbatteries with such surfactants and/or additives for improving and/orreducing water loss from the battery.

The present invention may be embodied in other forms without departingfrom the spirit and the essential attributes thereof, and, accordingly,reference should be made to the appended claims, rather than to theforegoing specification, as indicating the scope of the invention.Additionally, the invention illustratively disclosed herein suitably maybe practiced in the absence of any element which is not specificallydisclosed herein. Many other modifications and variations of the presentinvention are possible to the skilled practitioner in the field in lightof the teachings herein. It is therefore understood that, within thescope of the claims, the present invention can be practiced other thanas herein specifically described.

1-21. (canceled)
 22. A battery separator for reduced water losscomprising a surfactant in or on the battery separator, wherein thesurfactant comprises an ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymerhaving a hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB) value less than 2.5. 23.The battery separator of claim 22, wherein the surfactant furthercomprises a non-ionic surfactant.
 24. The battery separator of claim 23,wherein the non-ionic surfactant comprises a methallyl-capped non-ionicsurfactant.
 25. The battery separator of claim 22, wherein the separatorcomprises a microporous membrane or a microporous membrane laminated toa nonwoven.
 26. The battery separator of claim 22, wherein the batteryseparator comprises polyethylene (PE), silica, and processing oil, andthe surfactant is present in an amount of 0.5 to 60% of the PE, silica,and processing oil.
 27. The battery separator of claim 26, wherein thesurfactant is present in an amount of 1 to 20% of the PE, silica, andprocessing oil.
 28. The battery separator of claim 25, wherein thebattery separator comprises polyethylene (PE), silica, and processingoil, and the surfactant is present in an amount of 0.5 to 60% of the PE,silica, and processing oil.
 29. The battery separator of claim 28,wherein the surfactant is present in an amount of 1 to 20% of the PE,silica, and processing oil.
 30. The battery separator of claim 22,further comprising an alkoxylated alcohol additive in or on the batteryseparator.
 32. A battery comprising the battery separator of claim 22,wherein the battery exhibits reduced water-loss.